Secretary of Energy Launches Tender for Renewable Energy Projects
The Secretary of Energy has opened a new tender seeking companies to build new power generation facilities totaling 620 MW.
By Resolution No. 36/2023 (“Resolution 36”), issued by the Secretary of Energy on February 2, 2023, the main rules applicable to such tender (“RenMDI”) have been approved.
RenMDI follows Resolution No. 330/2022 of the Secretary of Energy (“Resolution 330”), that called for expressions of interest (“MDI”, for its Spanish acronym, Manifestaciones de Interés) in connection with infrastructure projects that would allow the incorporation of renewable generation and/or energy storage facilities interconnected to medium-voltage transmission and/or distribution facilities. For additional information regarding Resolution 330, please visit this article published on our website.
Under the MDI, according to Resolution 36, 491 proposals were received, totaling 14,400 MW.
Moreover, RenMDI intends to continue increasing the share of renewable energy in Argentina, as mandated by Law No. 26,190 (as amended by Law No. 27,191), and implemented through successive renewable tendering processes.
Below are the key takeaways of Resolution 36.
I. Executive summary
- RenMDI calls for interested parties to submit offers in order to enter a PPA with the Wholesale Market Administrator Company (“CAMMESA”), who will act as offtaker on behalf of the Distributors and Large Users of the Wholesale Electricity Market (“WEM”).
- Such PPA will have a tenor of 15 years as of commercial operation date (“COD”) and will be hard currency-denominated, payable in pesos at a customary exchange rate.
- RenMDI includes two lines: (i) Line 1 of renewable generation to replace forced generation, for biomass, solar photovoltaic, solar photovoltaic with storage and wind with storage (“Line 1”); and (ii) Line 2 of renewable generation to diversify the power matrix, for biogas, landfill biogas, Small Hydroelectric Developments (PAH) and biomass technologies (“Line 2”).
- The goal is to contract 500 MW for Line 1 and 120 MW for Line 2, thus totaling 620 MW.
- No payment guarantees and/or other type of guarantees from FODER are foreseen (as defined in section V).
II. Deadlines
Bidders may submit any requests for additional information or clarifications until February 24, 2023. In turn, March 1 is the date for CAMMESA to respond to any such requests.
March 15, 2023 is the deadline for bid submissions.
Selection of winners is scheduled for May 24, 2023 and the PPAs are expected to be entered no later than September 20, 2023.
III. Bidding Terms and Conditions - Most relevant Terms
Resolution 36 approves the Request for Proposals as Annex thereto (the “RfQ”), that foresees the terms and conditions to be complied by any bidder under the RenMDI.
Under the RfQ, as said before, two separate lines (please see above) are foreseen, with different technologies foreseen in each case.
Biomass projects submitted and not awarded under Line 1 will be added to the biomass projects submitted exclusively for Line 2.
Finally, bidders must submit, together with their bid, a bidding guarantee in accordance with the terms of the BTC.
IV. Terms of the PPA
The successful bidders will enter into a power purchase agreement with CAMMESA (“PPA”).
The PPA will have a term of 15 years following COD.
The price of the PPA will be fixed in U.S. dollars per Megawatt/hour and seasonality will be remunerated to encourage generation in periods of high demand.
V. Additional Matters – Differences with Prior Tenders
Power generation facilities awarded under the RenMDI will not have dispatch priority with respect to other renewable generation, self-generation or cogeneration facilities operating in the WEM in case of curtailment, except for those cases specifically provided in the RfQ.
Expansions of existing facilities (a) (A) under RenovAr 1, 1.5, 2 and 3, (B) Resolution No. 202/2016 of the former Ministry of Energy and Mining, and Resolutions No. 220/2007, 712/2000 and 108/2011 of the former Secretary of Energy, or (b) that have obtained dispatch priority in the corporate renewable term market, will not be eligible under the RenMDI.
In addition, and unlike other previous tenders, no payment guarantees by the Fund for the Development of Renewable Energies (“FODER”, for its Spanish acronym, Fondo para el Desarrollo de Energías Renovables) is foreseen for RenMDI projects.
For additional information, please contact Nicolás Eliaschev, Javier Constanzó, Daiana Perrone, María Eugenia Muñoz, Pablo Arrascaeta, Florencia Martínez, Luciana Tapia Rattaro and/or Rocío Valdez.
Creation of the National Housing Labeling Program (PRONEV)
Resolution No. 5/2023, enacted by the Secretariat of Energy on 9 January 2023, (the “Resolution”) established the creation of the National Housing Labeling Program (“PRONEV”, for its Spanish acronym, Programa Nacional de Etiquetado de Viviendas) and the National Informatic Application of Housing Labeling (the "Application") (Aplicativo Informático Nacional de Etiquetado de Vivienda).
Relevant aspects of the Resolution
PRONEV goal is to implement an energy efficiency labeling system to classify the housing’s degree of efficiency, upon their global primary energy requirement. The Application, on the other hand, will issue an Energy Efficiency Label (Etiqueta de Eficiencia Energética) showing the technical information of the houses, once such information is loaded.
The Resolution will allow the government to measure the energy requirement of homes and living places throughout the national territory and set a baseline for the development of new programs for improving energy performances and reducing energy consumption in homes.
In this sense, the National Directorate of Electricity Generation of the Undersecretariat of Electricity is empowered to issue all necessary acts for the execution of PRONEV.
Finally, the Resolution invites the Provinces and the City of Buenos Aires to enter into agreements with the federal government to promote the PRONEV and the Application and to provide basic standards to be considered in their local Building Codes.
For additional information, please contact Nicolás Eliaschev, Pablo Arrascaeta, María Eugenia Muñoz and/or Rocío Valdez.
Creation of the Environmental Crime Analysis and Prevention Unit and the Environmental Crime Assessment Board
Resolution No. 19/2023, issued by the Ministry of National Security on 16 January 2023 (the "Resolution"), set up the Environmental Crime Analysis and Prevention Unit (Unidad de Análisis y Prevención de Delitos Ambientales) and the Environmental Crime Assessment Board (Mesa de Evaluación de Delitos Ambientales) aimed at generating mechanisms for the prevention and fight against environmental crimes.
Relevant aspects of the Resolution
A. The Environmental Crime Analysis and Prevention Unit (the “Unit”)
The Unit -created within the scope of the Undersecretariat for Criminal Investigation and Judicial Cooperation-, is entitled to:
- assist in the detection and prevention of environmental crimes that may take place within the national territory, whether they affect the flora, fauna, soil, air, water and/or maritime spaces subject to national jurisdiction;
- collect and systematize information on environmental crimes committed in the national territory, from both non individualized sources and the Federal Police and Security Forces;
- develop indicators and prepare periodic reports as an input for the work of the Board (as such term is defined in section B below) and upon the request of other areas of the Ministry of Security;
- prepare a location map to detect "hot zones" and propose measures aimed at preventing environmental crimes;
- coordinate the exchange of information between the Federal Police and Security Forces for the generation of early warnings regarding the commission of environmental crimes;
- provide technical-administrative support for the operation of the Board and the supporting documentation related to the tasks accomplished in the field related hereto, and manage the appointment of representatives of the Federal Police and Security Forces that participate in the Board; and
- Analyze legal cases regarding environmental crimes to improve the procedures followed by the Federal Police and Security Forces.
The Resolution authorizes the Secretary of Security and Criminal Policy to appoint the head of the Unit, who will oversee the Board. Likewise, it provides that the Unit will convene the Board to hold periodic meetings to fulfil its goals.
B. Creation of the Environmental Crime Assessment Board (the “Board”)
The Board -created within the scope of the Undersecretariat for Criminal Investigation and Judicial Cooperation- is meant to detecting and preventing environmental crimes -as well as other close related crimes that concur with the main crime foreseen and punishable by the Penal Code of the Argentine Nation (Código Penal de la Nación Argentina)-, for a comprehensive approach to the investigation.
The Board will be composed of representatives of the Unit, the National Criminal Investigation Directorate, the Federal Crime Investigation Directorate, the National Criminal Intelligence Directorate, the environmental divisions of the Argentine Federal Police, Argentine National Gendarmerie, Naval Prefecture Argentina and Airport Security Police, and all other personnel from federal, national or provincial entities and/or civil society organizations competent in environmental matters.
For additional information, please contact Nicolás Eliaschev, Pablo Arrascaeta, María Eugenia Muñoz and/or Rocío Valdez.
Lithium export reimbursement has been finalized
On January 16, 2023, Resolution No. 15/2023 (the "Resolution") was published in the Official Gazette whereby the Federal Ministry of Economy (the "Ministry") proceeded to waive the export reimbursement of the goods classified as lithium, hydroxide and lithium oxide, lithium chloride, and lithium carbonate.
The Resolution orders the secretaries of the Ministry to design the required administrative measure to waive the export reimbursement. Specifically, the Resolution impacts the following tariff positions: 19.90; 2825.20.10; 2825.20.20; 2827.39.60, and 2836.91.00 of the Mercosur Customs Tariff Code (N.C.M).
The Resolution will become effective on January 16, 2023.
Background information
As a reason for the issuance of the Resolution, the Ministry established that the lithium sector has registered exponential growth, both in terms of mineral prices -driven by a great global demand- and in the progress of the numerous projects that are located in the country.
Consequently, it considered that "taking into account the electro-mobility that caused a change in the market and that the international scenario had an abrupt growth in the demand for lithium that produced an exponential increase in the price and also in the profitability of the projects, it is understood that a stimulus such as the reimbursement has fulfilled the objectives for which it was opportunely established".
Before the enactment of the Resolution, the sector's companies received export refunds from the Federal Government ranging from 2.5% to 5% of sales. Meanwhile, the export duty of 4.5% for lithium compounds is maintained.
Data from the Federal Mining Secretariat ("FMS") regarding lithium
According to the FMS, Argentina has a lithium mining investment potential of approximately US$ 6,473 million. From 2020 to the second quarter of 2022, capital investment announcements for an approximate amount of USD 4,579 million have been registered. Current production is approximately 33,000 tons per year.
Regarding lithium export data, the latest Monthly Report (December 2022) of the FMS, states that "in the first 11 months of 2022 lithium sales abroad reached USD 620 million, growing 235% year-on-year and representing 18% of total mining exports. This export figure in historical terms represents this year's number one position for the first 11 months of a year, being 139% above the accumulated of the first 11 months of 2018 (the second historical year with the highest exported amounts). As for the quantities exported of lithium, in the accumulated so far this year they exhibited a growth of 4.5%."
For further information or questions on these issues, please contact Marcos Moreno Hueyo and/or Dolores Reyes.
Regulation of Distributed Generation Law of the Province of Buenos Aires
On January 11, 2022, Decree No. 2371/2022, complementary of Law No. 15,325 of the Province of Buenos Aires (the “Decree”), was published in the Official Gazette of the Province of Buenos Aires. Following the publication of the Decree, User-Generators of the Province of Buenos Aires, authorized to generate energy from renewable sources for self-consumption, may register in the Registry of Users-Generators of Renewable Energy of the Province of Buenos Aires (the “RUGER”, for its Spanish acronym, Registro de Usuarios-Generadores de Energía Renovable de la provincia de Buenos Aires) and benefit from tax exemptions related to Stamp Tax and Gross Income of such Province.
I. Legal Background
Law No. 27,424, passed by the National Congress on November 30, 2017, approved the federal regime that promotes distributed generation of renewable energy integrated into the public electricity grid (for additional information on Law No. 27,424, please see https://www.trsym.com/renewable-energy-regulation-of-distributed-generation-law-no-27424/?lang=en). Article 40 invites the provinces and the City of Buenos Aires to adhere to such law and pass any specific regulation.
Within such framework, Law No. 15,325, passed by the Congress of the Province of Buenos Aires on April 21, 2022, adhered to Law No. 27,424.
Law No. 15,325 declares of provincial interest distributed generation renewable energy generation, for self-consumption and eventual injection of energy surplus into the provincial grid.
Furthermore, by Law No. 15,325, the Province of Buenos Aires adheres to the promotional, tax, fiscal and financing benefits scheme set forth by Law No. 27,424.
II. Relevant aspects of the Decree
The most relevant aspects of the Decree are described below:
a. Enforcement authority
The Decree designates the Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Services (or any legal successor thereto) as the enforcement authority of Law No. 15,325. The enforcement authority will determine the technical, legal, economic, contractual, rate terms, and all other necessary matters that are necessary to allow the application of the distributed energy generation scheme in the Province of Buenos Aires.
Likewise, the enforcement authority is entrusted to enter into agreements with the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires (Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires) to offer special promotional credit lines.
b. Definition of User-Generator
“User-Generator” is defined as the user of the public electricity distribution service of provincial or municipal distributors that installs renewable generation equipment for self-use, that may inject any surplus thereof to the grid, and meets the technical requirements determined by the enforcement authority. Large Users or self-generators of the Wholesale Electricity Market (WEM) are not included, as they are ruled by Law No. 27,424.
c. Creation of RUGER and issuance of a tax exemption certificate
The Decree creates the RUGER. The RUGER will be implemented for the registration of User-Generators, as determined by the enforcement authority, through the organization of a data base that enables access to the provincial tax exemptions established by Law No. 15,325 and special credit lines, as well as any other benefit or tax incentive that may be foreseen in the future.
For the purposes of processing the provincial tax exemptions set forth in article 4 of Law No. 15,325, the RUGER will issue a User-Generator certificate. In addition, the RUGER will notify ARBA of any certificate that is issued and receives from User-Generators, under the concession area of federal jurisdiction. Such certificate must contain surname and name, or company name, tax id (CUIT), NIS, address, code of the activity included in that benefit (according to the corresponding Nomenclator of Activities of the Tax on Gross Income, of NAIIB 18 approved by ARBA) or their equivalents codes under the Nomenclator of Economic Activities of the Federal Collection System (NAES) of the Arbitration Commission of the Multilateral Agreement (Comisión Arbitral del Convenio Multilateral), details of the respective exemption and term for which it is granted.
d. Taxes for which the exemption is granted and term
User-Generators registered under the RUGER are exempted from the following taxes for a period of twelve (12) years:
- Stamp tax: only applies to the power purchase agreements entered into by the distributor and the User-Generator, as long as the latter is registered in the RUGER, and such inscription is detailed in that agreement; and
- Tax on Gross Income: with respect to the injection of surplus renewable energy into the distribution network by the User-Generator.
For additional information, please contact Nicolás Eliaschev, Javier Constanzó and/or Rocío Valdez.
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Creation of the Federal Registry of Mining Suppliers and the Federal Committee of Mining Suppliers
Resolution 84/2022, published on 11/28/22 in the Official Gazette, creates the Federal Registry of Mining Suppliers, with a public status within the Secretariat, and the Federal Mining Suppliers Committee, in order to promote the development and growth of the mining activity, in view of the need to establish tools aimed at benefiting suppliers of mining supplies and services (the "Resolution").
I. The Federal Registry of Mining Suppliers (the "Registry")
Benefits of the Registry
The FSM expects that the implementation of the Registry will accelerate the contracting process of suppliers, promote the increase of human capital, and encourage work, making possible the continuous development of the sector and productive diversification.
Through the Registry, mining companies operating or with the prospect of investing in the country will have an instrument that will make it possible to make visible the suppliers of goods, supplies, and services of the Argentine provinces.
Who can register?
In the Registry the eligible parties will be able to register:
- persons domiciled in Argentina, and
- legal entities incorporated in Argentina that, due to their activity, or corporate purpose, offer goods, inputs, or services, including those of technological innovation and knowledge economy, to companies that carry out mining activities, and/or to any company that carries out activities associated to the Mining Value Chain.
In order to register, the interested party must:
- Complete the form -related to the data of the interested party- set forth in Annex I of the Resolution:
- Name & Identification: Name or Company Name, CUIT N° /Document.
- Contact data: Address / Telephone / E-mail / Focal point data.
- Business line: services and products offered
- Chamber you are a member of
- Optionally, the tariff position of the products.
- Submit the following information:
- Proof of registration with AFIP
- List of the personnel payroll
- Proof of registration in the local chamber of suppliers.
Enforcement Authority
The Resolution establishes that it is the National Directorate of Mining Value Chain and Infrastructure (the "National Directorate") under the Undersecretariat of Mining Policy. The National Directorate will have the following functions:
- Registration of suppliers of goods, inputs, or services, including those of technological innovation and knowledge economy, of the mining activity.
- Creation of files with the background of each of the registered suppliers.
- Periodic updating of the background of the registered suppliers' files.
- Preparation of statistics based on the data collected.
- Promotion and granting of benefits to registered suppliers.
Likewise, the National Directorate shall be empowered to issue the complementary and clarifying rules that may be necessary for the implementation of the Federal Registry of Mining Suppliers. Meanwhile, the Undersecretariat of Mining Policy is empowered to sign agreements with provincial authorities and the heads of national and provincial chambers related to the mining activity, for the exchange of experiences, data, and information. It is also empowered to summon all those public and private actors it deems necessary and convenient due to the nature of the technical issues to be dealt with in the Federal Mining Suppliers Committee.
II. The Federal Mining Suppliers Committee
Furthermore, the Resolution creates the Federal Bureau of Mining Suppliers. It will be attended by those registered in the Registry, representatives of the Secretariat, national and provincial agencies, and national and provincial Chambers related to the mining activity. The purpose of the Federal Mining Suppliers Committee is to establish a permanent, participative, broad, and federal space for dialogue and exchange among different actors in the mining activity. The meetings of the Board will be held four (4) times a year.
III. Legal Background
The Resolution has as precursor Resolution No. 47/2020, which approved 18 Management Programs 2020/2023 formulated on the basis of the strategic objectives of the "Strategic Plan for the Argentine Mining Development", among which are: Spontaneous Assistance to Producers and Small and Medium Mining Companies (SMEs); and Strengthening of the Mining Value Chain.
The Strategic Plan for the Argentine Mining Development is aimed at building a Shared Vision for mining in the next 30 years, with the aim of consolidating the mining activity as part of the federal productive development based on the criteria of rational, sustainable, and inclusive use of natural resources.
For further information or questions on these issues, please contact: Marcos Moreno Hueyo and/or Dolores Reyes.
Public Registry of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: Annual fee payment due date
On November 18th, 2022 the Official Gazette published Resolution No. 1737/2022 issued by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. The Resolution establishes December 7th, 2022 as the due date of payment of the annual fees of the Public Registry (“PR”) of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The annual fees must be paid by any local corporation registered before the PR.
The payment ticket shall be obtained at the PR’s web site (https://www2.jus.gov.ar/igj-tasas/) and may be paid by through any of the following payment methods:
- Online payment through the Home Banking system of the Banco Nación or any other bank entity affiliated to Red Link;
- Online payment through pagar.com.ar;
- Payment in cash in any of the Banco Nacion’s branches.
Feel free to contact our team (corporate@trsym.com) for more information.
New resolution of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
On November 14, 2022, Resolution 503/2022 of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (hereinafter, "Resolution 503" and "the Ministry", respectively) was published. This Resolution established the guidelines and minimum contents of the plans for the reconversion of the productive processes that use mercury.
I.- Legal Background
Prior to the entry into force of the Resolution, the regulation in Argentina was governed by: (i) the Minamata Convention on Mercury (the "Convention") and (ii) Resolution No. 299/2021.
The Convention regulates the use of mercury in production processes and the manufacture of mercury-added products and its exceptions and exemptions. In terms of exemptions, Argentina has two registered exemptions, for the production process of chlor-alkali and the manufacture of mercury thermometers.
Resolution No. 299/2021 established the guidelines for the management of elemental mercury, and its mixtures and compounds, as well as mercury-added products. This resolution established the procedure for requesting exemptions for the production process of chlor-alkali or the manufacture of mercury thermometers exclusively. It also established the need to submit a productive process reconversion plan as one of the requirements to obtain the exemption.
II.- Resolution No. 503/2022
Scope:
The Resolution seeks to establish the guidelines for the reconversion plans and to comply with the environmentally rational management of mercury, under the obligations arising from the Convention. Accordingly, it defines the " Reconversion Plan" as the schedule of activities to be carried out in an industrial establishment that uses mercury in its production or manufacturing process, aimed at the replacement and implementation of mercury-free technology.
For the drafting and filing of the Reconversion Plan, the following information must be included, at least:
- (a) Location of the facility.
- (b) Identification of the personnel involved and responsible for the conversion tasks.
- (c) Technical report and description of the technology currently used.
- (d) Technical report and description of the technology to be used for the reconversion.
- (e) Description of waste management, including storage, transportation, final disposal, treatment, labeling, and disposal.
- (f) Evaluation of environmental, social, and economic impacts.
- (g) Work schedule with a framework of all the stages of the proposed reclamation and the monitoring for its compliance, including the safety measures and contingency plans for the execution of the activities.
Enforcement Authority:
The Enforcement Authority of the Resolution is the Secretariat of Environmental Control and Monitoring of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. As enforcement authority, it may carry out inspections of industrial establishments and request the information and documentation it deems necessary to ensure compliance with the Resolution.
The National Directorate of Hazardous Substances and Waste is the competent authority to evaluate, approve and monitor compliance with the plans for the reconversion of production processes that use mercury.
Approval:
The Reconversion Plan must be submitted to the National Directorate of Hazardous Substances and Waste for approval. The Reconversion Plan will be approved together with the requested exemption according to Resolution MAyDS No. 299/21. Upon approval of the Reconversion Plan, a Certificate of Compliance of the Reconversion Plan under the Minamata Convention on Mercury will be issued, in accordance with the Resolution's Sec. 4.
The Resolution establishes as a prior condition for the approval of the Reclamation Plan that: (i) the Annual Environmental Certificate must be in force and (ii) the provisions of Law No. 24,051 and its Regulatory Decree 831 of April 23, 1993, and complementary regulations must be complied with.
Non-compliance:
In case of non-compliance with the obligations assumed in the Reconversion Plan, and once the term of the notice of compliance has expired, the approval of the reconversion plan will automatically expire thus generating the loss of the exemption regime and all the benefits obtained by the owner of the establishment due to its compliance with this regime.
The Resolution became effective as from 11/14/2022.
For further information or questions on these issues, please contact Dolores Reyes, Pablo Arrascaeta, and/or Marcos Moreno Hueyo.
Modifications to the Environmental Management System (EMS) regulations for agents of the Wholesale Electricity Market
On November 7, 2022, Resolution 558/2022 of the Ente Nacional Regulador de la Electricidad (hereinafter, "Resolution 558" and "ENRE", respectively) was published. The aim of this Resolution is to create new obligations related to environmental management for generating agents, self-generators, co-generators, transporters of electricity in high voltage, by trunk distribution, international interconnection, and distributors of electricity under federal jurisdiction of the Wholesale Electricity Market ("MEM"), all of them, hereinafter, the "Agents".
Resolution 558 also repealed numerous resolutions that established obligations related to environmental management and the submission of information.
i. The new obligations established by Resolution 558
Under Resolution 558, Agents must prepare, implement, and certify an Environmental Management System ("EMS") for the facilities under their responsibility. Likewise, the Agents' Environmental Plans must comply with the guidelines and requirements established in the resolution.
Failure to comply with the obligations set forth in Resolution 558 shall subject the Agents to the sanctions and penalties set forth in the respective Concession Agreements or in Article 77 of Law No. 24,065 (such as fines, disqualification, suspension, etc.), as applicable.
ii. Incorporation of alternative mechanisms for compliance with certain obligations derived from Resolution 558
Resolution 558 also establishes two alternative procedures, depending on the type of Agent involved, for compliance with certain obligations
Firstly, Resolution 558 provides an alternative procedure for the following agents (i) responsible for photovoltaic solar parks or solar thermoelectric power plants, whose facilities have an Environmental Complexity Level (hereinafter, "ECL") lower than 14.5 points; (ii) Agents responsible for wind farms, whose facilities have an ECL lower than 14.5 points; (iii) Agents responsible for thermal power plants with an installed capacity of less than or equal to 2 MW, consisting of a unit or combination of generation units equipped with internal combustion engines or gas turbines, which consume any type of fuel and whose facilities have an ECL of less than 14.5 points; (iv) Agents responsible for thermal power plants larger than 2 MW and less than or equal to 50 MW of installed power.
Secondly, Resolution 558 creates an alternative procedure for Agents responsible for hydroelectric exploitation of public watercourses when the normal power to be granted exceeds 500 kV.
iii. Additional remarks
As an additional aspect, Resolution 558 delegates to the head of the Public and Environmental Safety Area ("ASPA") of the ENRE the necessary powers for the effective implementation of this resolution.
For further information, please contact either Nicolás Eliaschev, María Eugenia Muñoz, Pablo Arrascaeta y/o Luciana Tapia Rattaro.